Key legislation and terminology
South Australia’s laws relating to withholding and withdrawing life-sustaining treatment and guardianship are contained in the following legislation:
These Acts define medical treatment to include withdrawing or withholding life-sustaining treatment. Health care includes medical treatment provided by or under the supervision of a health professional.
Who can be a substitute decision-maker?
If the person appointed a substitute decision-maker in their Advance Care Directive, the substitute decision-maker can make health decisions on the person's behalf. They must follow a refusal of treatment by the person in their Directive, and must use other (non-binding) provisions given by the person in the Directive to guide their decision-making.
(Note: Since the introduction of the Advance Care Directives Act 2013 (SA) it is no longer possible to appoint a Medical Agent or Enduring Guardian. These decision-makers have been replaced by substitute decision-makers under Advance Care Directives. However, Medical Powers of Attorney and Enduring Powers of Guardianship made prior to 2014 will still be valid and effective).
If the person did not make a Directive appointing a substitute decision-maker, a person responsible may consent to health care or medical treatment. This will be the first person from the following list who is available and willing to make the decision (in order of priority):
- Am existing guardian appointed by the South Australian Civil and Administrative Tribunal (SACAT) with power to consent to medical treatment. The Tribunal can appoint either a full guardian (with all the powers the person would have for decisions about health, accommodation and lifestyle, if they had capacity) or a limited guardian (with specific powers only). If there is no person available who can act as a guardian, the SACAT may appoint the Public Advocate as guardian.
- A relative of the person with a close and continuing relationship with the person. There is no order of priority for which relatives can decide. A relative includes the person’s:
- husband or wife, or
- adult domestic partner (where they have been in a close personal relationship with the person for 3 years, or there is a child of the relationship. Close personal relationship means the relationship between two adult people (whether or not they are related and irrespective of their gender) who live together as a couple on a genuine domestic basis (it is not necessary that a sexual relationship exists, or has ever existed, between them), or
- an adult related to the person by blood or marriage, or adoption, or according to Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander kinship rules.
- An adult friend of the person so long as the relationship is close and continuing.
- An adult who oversees the person’s ongoing day-to-day supervision, care and well-being.
If there is no person responsible, an application can be made to the SACAT for consent or the appointment of a guardian for health decisions.
View a flow chart of substitute decision-makers.
Health care decision-making by a substitute decision-maker
What health care and medical treatment decisions can a substitute decision-maker make?
A substitute decision-maker can make most decisions about health care and medical treatment except for decisions about termination of pregnancy, sterilisation or any other treatment prescribed by the regulations. This means all other health care, including the withholding or withdrawal of life-sustaining treatment, can be consented to or refused by a substitute decision-maker.
In the case of a Medical Agent, Enduring Guardian, or guardian, the decisions which can be made will depend on the powers granted under the relevant Medical Power of Attorney, Enduring Power of Guardianship, or guardianship order. If there are no limitations, these substitute decision-makers will be able to do anything the person could have done if they had capacity, including making most medical treatment decisions.
There are some restrictions on the decision-making power of a substitute decision-maker under an Advance Care Directive. He or she cannot make a decision to refuse the natural provision of food and liquids by mouth, or the administration of drugs to relieve pain or distress.
What information must a health professional give to a substitute decision-maker?
In South Australia a health professional has a duty to explain to the person or their substitute decision-maker where possible the nature, consequences and risks of the proposed treatment, the likely consequences of not undertaking the treatment, and any alternative treatment or courses of action that might be appropriate.
Can health professionals withhold or withdraw treatment without the consent of a person’s substitute decision-maker?
A health professional is under no duty to treat a person (even if requested to by a substitute decision-maker) if the treatment would be of no benefit, not in the person’s best interests, or futile. In this situation there is no obligation for a health professional to obtain consent to the withholding or withdrawing of such treatment (though as a matter of practice they may wish to do so).
Find out more about the law on futile or non-beneficial treatment at Adult Treatment Decisions.
Special provisions relating to health professionals caring for a person in the terminal phase of a terminal illness
‘Terminal illness’ refers to an illness or condition likely to result in death. The ‘terminal phase’ of a terminal illness means the phase of the illness reached when there is no real prospect of recovery or remission of symptoms (either permanently or temporarily).
A health professional has no duty to use or continue to use life-sustaining treatment if to do so would merely prolong the life of a person who has no real prospect of recovery. If the person or the person’s substitute decision-maker so directs, the health professional must withdraw life-sustaining treatment.
Emergency medical treatment
When can emergency medical treatment be provided, and is consent required?
Emergency medical treatment cannot be provided if it has been lawfully refused:
- by the person, if they have capacity (this may be done verbally),
- in a valid Advance Care Directive, or
- by a substitute decision-maker, or person responsible.
Where the person has capacity
In an emergency situation, if a person has capacity a health professional must obtain the person’s consent to treatment. If the person refuses treatment and/or transfer to hospital for treatment, their refusal must be respected. This is the case even if treatment is needed to save their life and they will die without it. It is an assault to provide treatment when the person has refused it.
Where the person cannot consent (whether or not they have impaired capacity)
If the person has a substitute decision-maker under an Advance Care Directive, or there is a person responsible, including an existing guardian, who is willing and available to make the decision, emergency medical treatment cannot be administered without their consent.
If it is not possible to obtain consent from the substitute decision-maker or person responsible, a medical practitioner can provide treatment without consent if:
- the treatment is necessary to meet an imminent risk to life or health, and another medical practitioner agrees, in writing (only where it is possible to obtain their opinion);
- the person (if 16 years of aged or over) has not refused the treatment, to the best of the medical practitioner's knowledge; and
- the medical practitioner has made reasonable inquiries about whether the person has an Advance Care Directive (these inquiries do not need to be made if it is not possible in the circumstances).
If the person requiring emergency treatment has an Advance Care Directive but the medical practitioner believes it was not intended to apply to the proposed treatment or the circumstances, and it is not possible to deal with the matter by referral to the Public Advocate or the South Australian Civil and Administrative Tribunal, then the medical practitioner can administer the treatment.
Where a health practitioner (including a paramedic) reasonably believes the person has attempted to commit suicide, emergency treatment may still be provided despite the person refusing treatment related to the suicide attempt (e.g. resuscitation) in their Advance Care Directive.
For more information about emergency treatment visit Capacity and consent to medical treatment.
Complaints and dispute resolution
End of life decision-making can be a very challenging and emotional time for the person, their family and friends, substitute decision-makers and health professionals. Sometimes disputes arise about medical decision-making for the person.
If anyone (including a health professional) is concerned about a substitute decision-maker or disagrees with the decisions being made, or a decision cannot be reached about the person’s care and treatment, information and mediation assistance can be sought from the Office of the Public Advocate. A person can also apply to the SACAT for directions, declarations, advice, or a review or revocation of the substitute decision-maker’s appointment or decision. The Supreme Court also has power to hear disputes about end of life treatment.
For more information about dispute resolution visit the Office of the Public Advocate.